Introduction to the OSI Model The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model is a standard framework for network communication developed by ISO in 1984. This model provides a vendor-neutral networki...

Concepts and Security Mechanisms of VPNs (Virtual Private Networks) What is a VPN? A Virtual Private Network (VPN) is a technology that creates a secure private network connection over a public ne...

DNS Operating Principles DNS (Domain Name System) is a distributed database system that translates domain names into IP addresses on the internet. It is structured hierarchically, consisting ...

TCP/UDP Protocol Security: Analysis of Vulnerabilities and Attack Techniques Introduction TCP and UDP protocols, which form the foundation of Internet communications, each have unique security ch...

1. The Difference Between Sniffing and Spoofing Sniffing: This is an attack where an attacker silently eavesdrops on network traffic to capture information. This is typically done by setting a ...

Open Network Vulnerabilities: Risks and Security Measures Network Vulnerabilities 1. Encryption Vulnerabilities Limited Encryption Scope Wi-Fi passwords only encrypt network access ...

Everything About TLS (Transport Layer Security) SSL or TLS? Secure Socket Layer (SSL) was developed by Netscape in the early 1990s to secure web communications. It was later standardized by t...

1. Core Principles of PGP (Pretty Good Privacy) The power of PGP comes from its hybrid encryption model, which intelligently combines two different encryption methods. Through its two powerful fea...

Certificate Generation: Using OpenSSL to Create CA, Client, and Server Certificates This post will walk you through the process of using OpenSSL to set up your own Certificate Authority (CA) and t...

The Concepts of Encoding and Decoding The first step in security analysis is to identify the format of the data you encounter. The most fundamental concepts here are encoding and decoding. ...